CAT 2022 Slot 2 question paper with answer key

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. Passage - I Octopuses are misfits in their own extended families …….. They belong to the Mollusca class Cephalopoda. But they don‘t look like their cousins at all. Other molluscs include sea snails, sea slugs, bivalves − most are shelled invertebrates with a dorsal foot. Cephalopods are all arms, and can be as tiny as 1 centimetre and as large at 30 feet. Some of them have brains the size of a walnut, which is large for an invertebrate…….. It makes sense for these molluscs to have added protection in the form of a higher cognition; they don‘t have a shell covering them, and pretty much everything feeds on cephalopods, including humans. But how did cephalopods manage to secure their own invisibility cloak? Cephalopods fire from multiple cylinders to achieve this in varying degrees from species to species. There are four main catalysts − chromatophores, iridophores, papillae and leucophores…….. Chromatophores are organs on their bodies that contain pigment sacs, which have red, yellow and brown pigment granules. These sacs have a network of radial muscles, meaning muscles arranged in a circle radiating outwards. These are connected to the brain by a nerve. When the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the muscles that expand outwards, pulling open the sacs to display the colours on the skin. Why these three colours? Because these are the colours the light reflects at the depths they live in (the rest is absorbed before it reaches those depths) …….. Well, what about other colours? Cue the iridophores. Think of a second level of skin that has thin stacks of cells. These can reflect light back at different wavelengths……….. It‘s using the same properties that we‘ve seen in hologram stickers, or rainbows on puddles of oil. You move your head and you see a different colour. The sticker isn‘t doing anything but reflecting light − it‘s your movement that‘s changing the appearance of the colour. This property of holograms, oil and other such surfaces is called “iridescence” …….. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed to make a texture bumpy. Even humans possess them (goosebumps) but cannot use them in the manner that cephalopods can. For instance, the use of these cells is how an octopus can wrap itself over a rock and appear jagged or how a squid or cuttlefish can imitate the look of a coral reef by growing miniature towers on its skin. It actually matches the texture of the substrate it chooses. Finally, the leucophores: According to a paper, published in Nature, cuttlefish and octopuses possess an additional type of reflector cell called a leucophore. They are cells that scatter full spectrum light so that they appear white in a similar way that a polar bear‘s fur appears white. Leucophores will also reflect any filtered light shown on them…….. If the water appears blue at a certain depth, the octopuses and cuttlefish can appear blue; if the water appears green, they appear green, and so on and so forth.

A speciality supermarket sells 320 products. Each of these products was either a cosmetic product or a nutrition product. Each of these products was also either a foreign product or a domestic product. Each of these products had at least one of the two approvals − FDA or EU. The following facts are also known: 1. There were equal numbers of domestic and foreign products. 2. Half of the domestic products were FDA approved cosmetic products. 3. None of the foreign products had both the approvals, while 60 domestic products had both the approvals. 4. There were 140 nutrition products, half of them were foreign products. 5. There were 200 FDA approved products. 70 of them were foreign products and 120 of them were cosmetic products

A speciality supermarket sells 320 products. Each of these products was either a cosmetic product or a nutrition product. Each of these products was also either a foreign product or a domestic product. Each of these products had at least one of the two approvals − FDA or EU. The following facts are also known: 1. There were equal numbers of domestic and foreign products. 2. Half of the domestic products were FDA approved cosmetic products. 3. None of the foreign products had both the approvals, while 60 domestic products had both the approvals. 4. There were 140 nutrition products, half of them were foreign products. 5. There were 200 FDA approved products. 70 of them were foreign products and 120 of them were cosmetic products

A speciality supermarket sells 320 products. Each of these products was either a cosmetic product or a nutrition product. Each of these products was also either a foreign product or a domestic product. Each of these products had at least one of the two approvals − FDA or EU. The following facts are also known: 1. There were equal numbers of domestic and foreign products. 2. Half of the domestic products were FDA approved cosmetic products. 3. None of the foreign products had both the approvals, while 60 domestic products had both the approvals. 4. There were 140 nutrition products, half of them were foreign products. 5. There were 200 FDA approved products. 70 of them were foreign products and 120 of them were cosmetic products

A speciality supermarket sells 320 products. Each of these products was either a cosmetic product or a nutrition product. Each of these products was also either a foreign product or a domestic product. Each of these products had at least one of the two approvals − FDA or EU. The following facts are also known: 1. There were equal numbers of domestic and foreign products. 2. Half of the domestic products were FDA approved cosmetic products. 3. None of the foreign products had both the approvals, while 60 domestic products had both the approvals. 4. There were 140 nutrition products, half of them were foreign products. 5. There were 200 FDA approved products. 70 of them were foreign products and 120 of them were cosmetic products

A speciality supermarket sells 320 products. Each of these products was either a cosmetic product or a nutrition product. Each of these products was also either a foreign product or a domestic product. Each of these products had at least one of the two approvals − FDA or EU. The following facts are also known: 1. There were equal numbers of domestic and foreign products. 2. Half of the domestic products were FDA approved cosmetic products. 3. None of the foreign products had both the approvals, while 60 domestic products had both the approvals. 4. There were 140 nutrition products, half of them were foreign products. 5. There were 200 FDA approved products. 70 of them were foreign products and 120 of them were cosmetic products

Every day a widget supplier supplies widgets from the warehouse (W) to four locations − Ahmednagar (A), Bikrampore (B), Chitrachak (C), and Deccan Park (D). The daily demand for widgets in each location is uncertain and independent of each other. Demands and corresponding probability values (in parenthesis) are given against each location (A, B, C, and D) in the figure below. For example, there is a 40% chance that the demand in Ahmednagar will be 50 units and a 60% chance that the demand will be 70 units. The lines in the figure connecting the locations and warehouse represent two-way roads connecting those places with the distances (in km) shown beside the line. The distances in both the directions along a road are equal. For example, the road from Ahmednagar to Bikrampore and the road from Bikrampore to Ahmednagar are both 6 km long. Every day the supplier gets the information about the demand values of the four locations and creates the travel route that starts from the warehouse and ends at a location after visiting all the locations exactly once. While making the route plan, the supplier goes to the locations in decreasing order of demand. If there is a tie for the choice of the next location, the supplier will go to the location closest to the current location. Also, while creating the route, the supplier can either follow the direct path (if available) from one location to another or can take the path via the warehouse. If both paths are available (direct and via warehouse), the supplier will choose the path with minimum distance.

Every day a widget supplier supplies widgets from the warehouse (W) to four locations − Ahmednagar (A), Bikrampore (B), Chitrachak (C), and Deccan Park (D). The daily demand for widgets in each location is uncertain and independent of each other. Demands and corresponding probability values (in parenthesis) are given against each location (A, B, C, and D) in the figure below. For example, there is a 40% chance that the demand in Ahmednagar will be 50 units and a 60% chance that the demand will be 70 units. The lines in the figure connecting the locations and warehouse represent two-way roads connecting those places with the distances (in km) shown beside the line. The distances in both the directions along a road are equal. For example, the road from Ahmednagar to Bikrampore and the road from Bikrampore to Ahmednagar are both 6 km long. Every day the supplier gets the information about the demand values of the four locations and creates the travel route that starts from the warehouse and ends at a location after visiting all the locations exactly once. While making the route plan, the supplier goes to the locations in decreasing order of demand. If there is a tie for the choice of the next location, the supplier will go to the location closest to the current location. Also, while creating the route, the supplier can either follow the direct path (if available) from one location to another or can take the path via the warehouse. If both paths are available (direct and via warehouse), the supplier will choose the path with minimum distance.

Every day a widget supplier supplies widgets from the warehouse (W) to four locations − Ahmednagar (A), Bikrampore (B), Chitrachak (C), and Deccan Park (D). The daily demand for widgets in each location is uncertain and independent of each other. Demands and corresponding probability values (in parenthesis) are given against each location (A, B, C, and D) in the figure below. For example, there is a 40% chance that the demand in Ahmednagar will be 50 units and a 60% chance that the demand will be 70 units. The lines in the figure connecting the locations and warehouse represent two-way roads connecting those places with the distances (in km) shown beside the line. The distances in both the directions along a road are equal. For example, the road from Ahmednagar to Bikrampore and the road from Bikrampore to Ahmednagar are both 6 km long. Every day the supplier gets the information about the demand values of the four locations and creates the travel route that starts from the warehouse and ends at a location after visiting all the locations exactly once. While making the route plan, the supplier goes to the locations in decreasing order of demand. If there is a tie for the choice of the next location, the supplier will go to the location closest to the current location. Also, while creating the route, the supplier can either follow the direct path (if available) from one location to another or can take the path via the warehouse. If both paths are available (direct and via warehouse), the supplier will choose the path with minimum distance.

Every day a widget supplier supplies widgets from the warehouse (W) to four locations − Ahmednagar (A), Bikrampore (B), Chitrachak (C), and Deccan Park (D). The daily demand for widgets in each location is uncertain and independent of each other. Demands and corresponding probability values (in parenthesis) are given against each location (A, B, C, and D) in the figure below. For example, there is a 40% chance that the demand in Ahmednagar will be 50 units and a 60% chance that the demand will be 70 units. The lines in the figure connecting the locations and warehouse represent two-way roads connecting those places with the distances (in km) shown beside the line. The distances in both the directions along a road are equal. For example, the road from Ahmednagar to Bikrampore and the road from Bikrampore to Ahmednagar are both 6 km long. Every day the supplier gets the information about the demand values of the four locations and creates the travel route that starts from the warehouse and ends at a location after visiting all the locations exactly once. While making the route plan, the supplier goes to the locations in decreasing order of demand. If there is a tie for the choice of the next location, the supplier will go to the location closest to the current location. Also, while creating the route, the supplier can either follow the direct path (if available) from one location to another or can take the path via the warehouse. If both paths are available (direct and via warehouse), the supplier will choose the path with minimum distance.

Every day a widget supplier supplies widgets from the warehouse (W) to four locations − Ahmednagar (A), Bikrampore (B), Chitrachak (C), and Deccan Park (D). The daily demand for widgets in each location is uncertain and independent of each other. Demands and corresponding probability values (in parenthesis) are given against each location (A, B, C, and D) in the figure below. For example, there is a 40% chance that the demand in Ahmednagar will be 50 units and a 60% chance that the demand will be 70 units. The lines in the figure connecting the locations and warehouse represent two-way roads connecting those places with the distances (in km) shown beside the line. The distances in both the directions along a road are equal. For example, the road from Ahmednagar to Bikrampore and the road from Bikrampore to Ahmednagar are both 6 km long. Every day the supplier gets the information about the demand values of the four locations and creates the travel route that starts from the warehouse and ends at a location after visiting all the locations exactly once. While making the route plan, the supplier goes to the locations in decreasing order of demand. If there is a tie for the choice of the next location, the supplier will go to the location closest to the current location. Also, while creating the route, the supplier can either follow the direct path (if available) from one location to another or can take the path via the warehouse. If both paths are available (direct and via warehouse), the supplier will choose the path with minimum distance.

The two plots below show data for four companies code-named A, B, C, and D over three years - 2019, 2020, and 2021. The first plot shows the revenues and costs incurred by the companies during these years. For example, in 2021, company C earned Rs.100 crores in revenue and spent Rs.30 crores. The profit of a company is defined as its revenue minus its costs. The second plot shows the number of employees employed by the company (employee strength) at the start of each of these three years, as well as the number of new employees hired each year (new hires). For example, Company B had 250 employees at the start of 2021, and 30 new employees joined the company during the year.

The two plots below show data for four companies code-named A, B, C, and D over three years - 2019, 2020, and 2021. The first plot shows the revenues and costs incurred by the companies during these years. For example, in 2021, company C earned Rs.100 crores in revenue and spent Rs.30 crores. The profit of a company is defined as its revenue minus its costs. The second plot shows the number of employees employed by the company (employee strength) at the start of each of these three years, as well as the number of new employees hired each year (new hires). For example, Company B had 250 employees at the start of 2021, and 30 new employees joined the company during the year.

The two plots below show data for four companies code-named A, B, C, and D over three years - 2019, 2020, and 2021. The first plot shows the revenues and costs incurred by the companies during these years. For example, in 2021, company C earned Rs.100 crores in revenue and spent Rs.30 crores. The profit of a company is defined as its revenue minus its costs. The second plot shows the number of employees employed by the company (employee strength) at the start of each of these three years, as well as the number of new employees hired each year (new hires). For example, Company B had 250 employees at the start of 2021, and 30 new employees joined the company during the year.

The two plots below show data for four companies code-named A, B, C, and D over three years - 2019, 2020, and 2021. The first plot shows the revenues and costs incurred by the companies during these years. For example, in 2021, company C earned Rs.100 crores in revenue and spent Rs.30 crores. The profit of a company is defined as its revenue minus its costs. The second plot shows the number of employees employed by the company (employee strength) at the start of each of these three years, as well as the number of new employees hired each year (new hires). For example, Company B had 250 employees at the start of 2021, and 30 new employees joined the company during the year.

The two plots below show data for four companies code-named A, B, C, and D over three years - 2019, 2020, and 2021. The first plot shows the revenues and costs incurred by the companies during these years. For example, in 2021, company C earned Rs.100 crores in revenue and spent Rs.30 crores. The profit of a company is defined as its revenue minus its costs. The second plot shows the number of employees employed by the company (employee strength) at the start of each of these three years, as well as the number of new employees hired each year (new hires). For example, Company B had 250 employees at the start of 2021, and 30 new employees joined the company during the year.

A few salesmen are employed to sell a product called TRICCEK among households in various housing complexes. On each day, a salesman is assigned to visit one housing complex. Once a salesman enters a housing complex, he can meet any number of households in the time available. However, if a household makes a complaint against the salesman, then he must leave the housing complex immediately and cannot meet any other household on that day. A household may buy any number of TRICCEK items or may not buy any item. The salesman needs to record the total number of TRICCEK items sold as well as the number of households met in each day. The success rate of a salesman for a day is defined as the ratio of the number of items sold to the number of households met on that day. Some details about the performances of three salesmen - Tohri, Hokli and Lahur, on two particular days are given below. 1. Over the two days, all three of them met the same total number of households, and each of them sold a total of 100 items. 2. On both days, Lahur met the same number of households and sold the same number of items. 3. Hokli could not sell any item on the second day because the first household he met on that day complained against him. 4. Tohri met 30 more households on the second day than on the first day. 5. Tohri‘s success rate was twice that of Lahur‘s on the first day, and it was 75% of Lahur‘s on the second day.

A few salesmen are employed to sell a product called TRICCEK among households in various housing complexes. On each day, a salesman is assigned to visit one housing complex. Once a salesman enters a housing complex, he can meet any number of households in the time available. However, if a household makes a complaint against the salesman, then he must leave the housing complex immediately and cannot meet any other household on that day. A household may buy any number of TRICCEK items or may not buy any item. The salesman needs to record the total number of TRICCEK items sold as well as the number of households met in each day. The success rate of a salesman for a day is defined as the ratio of the number of items sold to the number of households met on that day. Some details about the performances of three salesmen - Tohri, Hokli and Lahur, on two particular days are given below. 1. Over the two days, all three of them met the same total number of households, and each of them sold a total of 100 items. 2. On both days, Lahur met the same number of households and sold the same number of items. 3. Hokli could not sell any item on the second day because the first household he met on that day complained against him. 4. Tohri met 30 more households on the second day than on the first day. 5. Tohri‘s success rate was twice that of Lahur‘s on the first day, and it was 75% of Lahur‘s on the second day.

A few salesmen are employed to sell a product called TRICCEK among households in various housing complexes. On each day, a salesman is assigned to visit one housing complex. Once a salesman enters a housing complex, he can meet any number of households in the time available. However, if a household makes a complaint against the salesman, then he must leave the housing complex immediately and cannot meet any other household on that day. A household may buy any number of TRICCEK items or may not buy any item. The salesman needs to record the total number of TRICCEK items sold as well as the number of households met in each day. The success rate of a salesman for a day is defined as the ratio of the number of items sold to the number of households met on that day. Some details about the performances of three salesmen - Tohri, Hokli and Lahur, on two particular days are given below. 1. Over the two days, all three of them met the same total number of households, and each of them sold a total of 100 items. 2. On both days, Lahur met the same number of households and sold the same number of items. 3. Hokli could not sell any item on the second day because the first household he met on that day complained against him. 4. Tohri met 30 more households on the second day than on the first day. 5. Tohri‘s success rate was twice that of Lahur‘s on the first day, and it was 75% of Lahur‘s on the second day.

A few salesmen are employed to sell a product called TRICCEK among households in various housing complexes. On each day, a salesman is assigned to visit one housing complex. Once a salesman enters a housing complex, he can meet any number of households in the time available. However, if a household makes a complaint against the salesman, then he must leave the housing complex immediately and cannot meet any other household on that day. A household may buy any number of TRICCEK items or may not buy any item. The salesman needs to record the total number of TRICCEK items sold as well as the number of households met in each day. The success rate of a salesman for a day is defined as the ratio of the number of items sold to the number of households met on that day. Some details about the performances of three salesmen - Tohri, Hokli and Lahur, on two particular days are given below. 1. Over the two days, all three of them met the same total number of households, and each of them sold a total of 100 items. 2. On both days, Lahur met the same number of households and sold the same number of items. 3. Hokli could not sell any item on the second day because the first household he met on that day complained against him. 4. Tohri met 30 more households on the second day than on the first day. 5. Tohri‘s success rate was twice that of Lahur‘s on the first day, and it was 75% of Lahur‘s on the second day.

A few salesmen are employed to sell a product called TRICCEK among households in various housing complexes. On each day, a salesman is assigned to visit one housing complex. Once a salesman enters a housing complex, he can meet any number of households in the time available. However, if a household makes a complaint against the salesman, then he must leave the housing complex immediately and cannot meet any other household on that day. A household may buy any number of TRICCEK items or may not buy any item. The salesman needs to record the total number of TRICCEK items sold as well as the number of households met in each day. The success rate of a salesman for a day is defined as the ratio of the number of items sold to the number of households met on that day. Some details about the performances of three salesmen - Tohri, Hokli and Lahur, on two particular days are given below. 1. Over the two days, all three of them met the same total number of households, and each of them sold a total of 100 items. 2. On both days, Lahur met the same number of households and sold the same number of items. 3. Hokli could not sell any item on the second day because the first household he met on that day complained against him. 4. Tohri met 30 more households on the second day than on the first day. 5. Tohri‘s success rate was twice that of Lahur‘s on the first day, and it was 75% of Lahur‘s on the second day.